From the Roaring ‘20s to the Greedy ‘80s: An Examination of the Similarties Between the Decades

Defined by the shifting views of the American people and the constantly changing political system, history does repeat itself, a fact no clearer than with the similarities between the 1920s and the 1980s. To a large degree, the 1980s were a purposeful repeat of the 1920s by cultural and political actors who sought to recreate the social, political, and economic circumstances of the era. Socially, both the ‘20s and the ‘80s were rocked by the rise of Christian fundamentalism and nativism which dominated social movements. The ‘20s and ‘80s were also similar politically in that they witnessed Republican Presidents who sought conservative policies such as reducing the size and scope of government. Coolidge, arguably the first Republican espousing modern Republican beliefs of limited government, laid the foundation for future Republican Presidents, particularly Reagan, who sought to recreate these ideals in the ‘80s. Furthermore, both eras witnessed significant ideological changes in the political parties. Finally, the ‘20s and ‘80s saw unsustainable growth, a significant rise in wealth inequality, and the use of trickle-down economics to create similar economic conditions.

KKK March on DC in 1925

As society became more liberalized, religious and nativist groups sought to return America to a more culturally traditional era in the 1920s and 1980s. After the Great War, women gained new independence and leisure time, and as such were viewed as sexually promiscuous and “shameful” in their consumption of public drinking and smoking. Individuals, such as Margaret Sanger, campaigned for better access to birth control - viewed as a sin in Christianity - which galvanized Protestants and Evangelicals to fight against such initiatives. This culmination of changes in society promulgated the rise of fundamentalist groups who sought to rectify the pervading threats of cultural liberalization plaguing the United States. The ongoing battle between fundamentalists and birth control activists is best exemplified in the attempt to overturn the Comstock laws, legislation which limited access to contraceptives.1 Mary Ware Dennett, an activist aligned with Margaret Sanger, wrote an impassioned letter to Congress to overturn the Comstock laws2. The Senate instead voted down this legislation, siding with fundamentalists who campaigned against the repeal effort.3 Furthermore, the long sought after Christian goal of Temperance succeeded with the creation of the 18th Amendment and the passage of the Volstead Act in 1919, ushering in the decade long prohibition of alcohol. Perhaps the strongest example of Christian fundamentalism entrenchment in the ‘20s is with the “Scopes Monkey” trial, where a schoolteacher in Tennessee was prohibited from teaching Evolution in class.4

William Jennings Bryan, a former Secretary of State and Presidential nominee for the Democratic Party, was a devout Christian who attempted to defend the state of Tennessee’s decision.5 The landmark case - decided in favor of Tennessee - was significant because it exemplified the fight between fundamentalists who sought to enforce a moral and religious society through the legal system. Simultaneously, the booming economy and the Second Industrial Revolution caused a surge in immigration between 1880 and 1920.6 Meanwhile, the rise of urban centers and a new wave of immigration led to the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in 1915 by veteran William Simmons.7 Growing anger at a new, changing America, the KKK witnessed their numbers grow to the organization’s all time peak in the mid ‘20s. The KKK was charged with instigating violence against African-Americans, Jews, Catholics, and Immigrants.8 In an opinion written by the KKK in 1924, they wrote, “There is no blinking the fact that certain races do not fuse with us, and have no intention of trying to become Americans,”.9 Simmons was able to appeal to the broader public, popularizing the KKK and reaching a height of 4.5 million people in 1924.10

A group of protestors in favor of Roe v Wade

Similar to the conditions before the ‘20s, the counterculture of the ‘60s and perceived moral decay brought on by Supreme Court cases such as Roe v Wade, inspired new social changes in the ‘80s. Jerry Falwell, a Baptist minister, created the “Moral Majority” - a movement in the ‘80s dedicated towards reclaiming America’s morality and strengthening Christian fundamentalism.11 In Falwell’s book, The The Fundamentalist Phenomenon: The Resurgence of Conservative Christianity, he writes, “The government was encroaching upon the sovereignty of both the Church and the family. The Supreme Court had legalized abortion on demand. The Equal Rights Amendment, [...] ,threatened to do further damage to the traditional family, as did the rising sentiment toward so-called homosexual rights,”.12 This resurgence in Christian fundamentalism parallels that of the 1920s; activists felt their country was turning a blind eye to moral depravities, and intended to take action. The Moral Majority was further propelled by the expansion of Evangelical Protestantism through “Televangelism”.13 They used media, such as tv and radios, to build a grassroots campaign against immoral facets of society: abortion, homosexual rights, and birth control. Similarly, Prohibition activists used contemporary media to proselytize their agenda.14 Immigration rates began to rise in the ‘80s, as well, prompting a rise in nativism and aggressivity towards immigrants.15 While the resurgence in the KKK was nowhere near as large as the movement in the ‘20s, the KKK noticed a small, yet steady, rise in membership as immigration and homosexual rights entered the political conversation.16 The 1980s mimics much of the social movements during the 1920s; the Moral Majority and Televangelists found inspiration in the goals and strategies employed by the Christian fundamentalists, while the KKK attempted to popularize its movement through a shared hatred of increased immigration and continued cultural changes across the United States.

Political cartoon of President Coolidge

As both eras were characterized by profound social movements and their political repercussions, both major party ideologies shifted, as did Republican Presidents to the right. During the 1920s, in response to World War 1 and the growth of government intervention under Woodrow Wilson, the Republican party transitioned away from the party of Progressives, such as Roosevelt, towards the more conservative, hard- lined leadership of Harding and Coolidge. Harding’s administration did not last very long, but his plea to “return to normalcy” during the campaign struck a chord with many voters; he urged them to return to an America before the war and even before the Progressive movement, to return to a time when people were content with the “old” America.17 During his speech, he defined the new policies he would seek, stating, “The world needs to be reminded that all human ills are not curable by legislation, and that quantity of statutory enactment and excess of government offer no substitute for quality of citizenship”.18 Coolidge then built upon his predecessor's intentions, taking action on Harding’s words. Under his administration, the budget was balanced, tariffs raised, and taxes and regulations were slashed.19 Coolidge used the power of existing executive bodies to dismantle the enforcement of previously passed laws, and utilized his Attorney General to weaken labor unions and strikes through court issued injunctions.20 Hoover, who succeeded Coolidge, served as the Secretary of Commerce in 1924, publically documenting and crediting the positive economic impacts of the new era of deregulation and trickle-down economics.21 22 It was during this period the Republican Party shifted from a party in favor of government intervention - Roosevelt’s philosophy - to one focused on fiscal conservatism and the elimination of waste and bureaucracy.23 24 Similarly, the Democratic party experienced a wave of defeats in their pursuit of the Presidency. In response, the party became more economically liberalized during the 1920s - once defending the tax cuts of Coolidge, to embracing the New Deal.25 26As in the 1920s, the ‘80s witnessed a decade control of Republican Presidents and new ideological shifts between the party. Reagan, having been inspired greatly by Coolidge and his efficiency in trimming the size of the government, began to model his economic policy after individuals such as Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon.27

Reagan embraced the trickle-down economics Coolidge espoused during his term, expressing at his inauguration, “In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem... The solutions we seek must be equitable, with no one group singled out to pay a higher price”.28 Reagan had such a deep appreciation for Coolidge, he hung his portrait in the Cabinet Room of the White House, and wrote in his memoirs he believed Coolidge was “one of our most underrated presidents”.29 Furthermore, Reagan embodied the values of restricted and limited government intervention, as shown in Executive Order 12291, which sought guidelines to “reduce the burdens of existing and future regulations, increase agency accountability for regulatory actions, provide for presidential oversight of the regulatory process, minimize duplication and conflict of regulations, and insure well-reasoned regulations”.30 The Republican Party shifted to fit Reagan’s “trickle-down economics” derived from Coolidge’s tenure, as well as adopted the social policies of the Christian Right and Allan Bloom. 31

President Ronald Reagan explains his tax reform

This new strategy of social and economic conservatism was contrary to the more moderate “Age of Consensus” under Eisenhower and economic interventionism Nixon employed in the ‘70s. Comparatively, the Democrats were at a crossroads during the 1980s between two factions of the party: the moderate “Blue Dogs” who backed President Carter and the more liberal supporters of Senator Ted Kennedy in 1980. While the moderates won in the primary, Kennedy and others pushed for a more left wing ideology, such as a national health insurance program. He spoke at the Democratic Convention in 1980 on fairness, asserting, “The commitment I seek is not to outworn views, but to old values that will never wear out. Programs may sometimes become obsolete, but the ideal of fairness always endures”.32 The Democratic Party had also formed a new coalition with African-Americans after the ‘60s, for
cing the party to adopt new policies and planks to accommodate this growing voter bloc. Jesse Jackson, who ran for President in 1984, spoke at the convention, contending “My constituency is the desperate, the damned, the disinherited, the disrespected, and the despised. They are restless and seek relief. They’ve voted in record numbers. They have invested faith, hope and trust that they have in us. The Democratic Party must send them a signal that we care. I pledge my best to not let them down...”.33 The dramatic social and political changes which marked the ‘20s and ‘80s are starkly similar in their outcomes: a marked shift in the ideologies of the two dominant political parties towards their relative extrema.

Men stand in line for soup during the Great Depression

Economically, both eras witnessed deregulations due to the control of Republican presidents, resulting in an unparalleled rise in wealth and inequality. The attitude of those in the ‘20s was that of excited and eager investors, driven to produce as much wealth as possible. John Moody, an economist who wrote on the “Economic Revolution” of the ‘20s, notes “... for the uses of industry and for direct investment in the big business and corporate enterprises of the time...We were rapidly becoming a nation of investors - investors in our own industries from one end of the country to the other,”.34 Moody theorized the accelerated pace of the US economy would never face a recession due to the rapid growth of the stock market and public opinion shifting in favor of deregulation due to the prosperity of the 1920s.35 Likewise, Andrew Mellon, Secretary of Treasury and extreme proponent of trickle-down politics, was a strong advocate for limited government interference. His effective skills gained him notoriety across the political spectrum: beloved by conservative Republicans such as Coolidge while despised by left leaning Democrats. Mellon writes in his book on taxation, “...[taxes] must also remove those influences which might retard the continued steadily development of business and industry on which, in the last analysis, so much of our prosperity depends...The high rates inevitably put pressure upon the taxpayer to withdraw his capital from productive business...”.36 He perfectly summarizes his views on the growth of the economy and prosperity as the cause of low taxes, which, he claims, if raised higher could possibly slow and even reverse the unparalleled growth of the 1920s.37 These policies played a significant role in promulgating greed and mass consumption, leading to the Great Depression, one of the most severe recessions in the nation’s history. Reagan, who greatly admired Coolidge’s administration for its effective tactics in reducing government waste and lowering taxes, modeled his own solutions to those of Mellon’s.38 A commission called to find a solution to the problem of “stagflation” - high unemployment and inflation - reported back to the Reagan administration that an aggressive policy of tax cuts, paired with a cut in government spending, must take place. 39 Such policies would decrease the inflation rate by reducing lower-income consumption, while providing tax breaks to the wealthy and corporations to incentivize new employment opportunities.40 Reagan indeed pursued this policy throughout his term, managing to pass large decreases in the tax rate with his signature “Economic Tax Recovery Act”. The act directly slashed taxes on the highest brackets, providing the richest in society with a large growth in personal wealth, while middle and lower class individuals experienced limited, ineffective cuts. Lester Thurow, a notable economist and frequent Reagan critic, wrote in his novel, “How to Wreck the Economy”, that Reagan’s budgets would do significant damage to the economy in the long term as a result of his tax cuts and deficit spending.41 While no depression followed from Reagan’s policies, his tax cuts and spending increases have posed a problem ever since, prompting frequent anxiety towards rising debt and government spending.

While the social movements, political shifts, and new economic policies which rocked the ‘20s and ‘80s are for the most part over, there is still much today which mirrors those cycles. The rebirth of nativism and the rise of bigotry and hatred across the US stems from the same fears felt in the ‘20s and again in the ‘80s, providing avenues for hate groups - such as Neonazis - to publically crusade for their exclusionist goals. The Christian Right still very much exists, and their policies have been successful in overtaking the Republican party’s social agenda. Republicans, even less traditional figures, such as Donald Trump, regard Reagan as a hero of the party: his trickle down economic ideas are proud planks of the party’s platform. Even the Democratic Party has come to embrace the more progressive platform of the 80s, particularly Kennedy’s fight for national healthcare and a growth of entitlements. Much of the social, political, and economic questions the US faces today can find similarities to the same questions faced in the 20s and the 80s, substantiating the cyclical nature of History.

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Footnotes

 1 Dennett, Mary Ware “Letter to the Members of the Senate and House of Representatives”, Letters, 1923, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1920-1929. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004, p.398-400

2 Ibid

3 Ibid

6 "U.S. Immigration History | U.S. Immigration Policy - Environmental Impact Statement |." U.S. Immigration Policy - Environmental Impact Statement. http://www.immigrationeis.org/about-ieis/us- immigration-history.

7 Simmons, William Joseph, “Statement of Mr. William Joseph Simmons”, Testimony, 1921, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1920-1929. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004, p.384-388

8 Ku Klux Klan, “Guarding the Gates Against Undesirables”, Current Opinion, 1924, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1920-1929. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004, p.282-285

9 Ibid

10 Rothman, Joshua. "When Bigotry Paraded Through the Streets." The Atlantic. December 04, 2016. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/12/second-klan/509468/.

11 Falwell, Jerry, “The Fundamentalist Phenomenon: The Resurgence of Conservative Christianity”, Nonfiction work, 1996, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1980- 1989. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004 (522-525)

12 Ibid

13 Bakker, Jim, “I Was Wrong”, Memoir, 1996, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1980-1989. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004 (373-376)

14 Alcohol, Temperance and Prohibition. https://library.brown.edu/cds/temperance/essay.html.
15 Rolph, Elizabeth S. Immigration Policies: Legacy from the 1980s and Issues for the 1990s. Rand, 1992.
16 Barker, Karlyn. "A Resurgence by the Klan." The Washington Post. June 02, 1980. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/06/02/a-resurgence-by-the-klan/31ef5d25-716c-486b- 9274-8a2d4a58a7e3/?utm_term=.fff05d3897d9.
17 Harding, Warren G, “A Return to Normalcy”, Speech, 1920, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1920-1929. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004, p.261-262
18 Ibid
19 Henning, Arthur Sears. “Call for Slash in Taxes Now Meets Rebuff: House Doesn’t Heed Coolidge Plea. Coolidge Urges Immediate Cut on 1923 Taxes.” Chicago Daily Tribune. March 12, 1924 20 Christian Science Monitor, “Attorney General Wins His Fight For Strike Injunction.” September 23, 1922
21 Hoover, Herbert, “Twelfth Annual Report of the Secretary of Commerce, 1924,” US Department of Commerce, 1924, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1920- 1929. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004, p.77-81
22 Hoover, Herbert., “Rugged Individualism”, Speech, 1928, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1920-1929. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004, p.313- 316 

24 "Republican Party Platforms: Republican Party Platform of 1924 - June 10, 1924." The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29636.

25 "Democratic Party Platforms: 1924 Democratic Party Platform - June 24, 1924." The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29593.

26 Democratic Party Platforms: 1932 Democratic Party Platform - June 27, 1932." The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29595.

27 Mellon, Andrew W., “Taxation: The People’s Business”, 1924, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1920-1929. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004, p.285-288

28 Reagan, Ronald W. “President Ronald Reagan’s Inaugural Address, January 20, 1981”, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1980-1989. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004 (77-80)

29 Brinkley, Alan. "CALVIN REAGAN." The New York Times. July 04, 1981. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/04/opinion/calvin-reagan.html.

30 Reagan, Ronald, “Executive Order 12291”, 1981, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1980-1989. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004 (221-226)

31 Bloom, Allan, “The Closing of the American Mind”, 1987, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1980-1989. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004 (373- 376)

34 Moody, John, “A New Era... an Economic Revolution of the Profoundest Character”, The Atlantic Monthly, 1928, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1920-1929. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004, p.126-131

35 Ibid

36 Mellon, Andrew W., “Taxation: The People’s Business”, 1924, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1920-1929. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004, p.285-288

38 Brinkley, Alan. "CALVIN REAGAN." The New York Times. July 04, 1981. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/04/opinion/calvin-reagan.html.

39 President’s Commission for a National Agenda for the Eighties, “Restoring Economic Growth and Stability in the Eighties”, 1981, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1980-1989. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004 (80-85)

40 Ibid

41 Thurow, Lester, “How to Wreck the Economy”, New York Review of Books, 1981, quoted in Rose, Cynthia et al. American Decades: Primary Sources 1980-1989. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group, Inc. 2004 (85-88)

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